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Articles and Demonstratives
Definite Article - The
Masculine |
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Feminine |
| il |
eel |
sing., before consonants |
|
la |
lah |
sing., before consonants |
| lo |
low |
sing., before z, gn, or s + cons. |
|
| l' |
l |
sing., before vowels |
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l' |
l |
sing., before vowels |
| i |
ee |
plural, before consonants |
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le |
leh |
plural, before consonants and vowels |
| gli |
lyee |
plural, before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons. |
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Indefinite Articles - A, an, some
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Masculine |
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Feminine |
| A, An |
un |
oon |
before consonant or vowel |
|
una |
oon-ah |
before consonants |
| uno |
oon-oh |
before z, gn, or s + consonant |
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un' |
oon |
before vowels |
| Some |
dei |
day |
before consonants |
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delle |
dell-eh |
before vowels and consonants |
| degli |
deh-lyee |
before vowels, z, gn, or s + cons. |
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Demonstratives - This, that, these, and those
| This and these |
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This |
These |
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| Masc. |
questo |
questi |
before a consonant |
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quest' |
questi |
before a vowel |
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| Fem. |
questa |
queste |
before a consonant |
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quest' |
queste |
before a vowel |
| That and those |
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That |
Those |
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| Masc. |
quel |
quei |
before a consonant |
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quell' |
quegli |
before a vowel |
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quello |
quegli |
before z, gn, or s + consonant |
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|
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| Fem. |
quella |
quelle |
before a consonant |
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quell' |
quelle |
before a vowel |
Note: If you use that and those as a subject, use these four forms: quello for masculine singular, quella for feminine singular, quelli for masculine plural, and quelle for feminine plural.
Subject Pronouns
| io |
ee-oh |
I |
noi |
noy |
we |
| tu |
too |
you (familiar singular) |
voi |
voy |
you (plural) |
| lui, lei |
lwee/lay |
he, she, you (polite sing.) |
loro |
loh-roh |
they, you (polite pl.) |
Note: The Lei form is generally used for you (singular), instead of tu, unless you're referring to kids or animals. Loro can also mean "you," but only in very polite situations.
To Be and to Have
Essere - to be
| I am |
sono |
soh-noh |
We are |
siamo |
see-ah-moh |
| You are |
sei |
say |
You are |
siete |
see-eh-teh |
| He/she/it is |
è |
eh |
They are |
sono |
soh-noh |
Note: You do not have to use the subject pronouns as the different conjugations imply the subject.
Past and Future of Essere
| I was |
ero |
we were |
eravamo |
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I will be |
sarò |
we will be |
saremo |
| you were |
eri |
you were |
eravate |
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you will be |
sarai |
you will be |
sarete |
| he/she/it is |
era |
they were |
erano |
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he/she/it will be |
sarà |
they will be |
saranno |
Avere - to have
| I have |
ho |
oh |
We have |
abbiamo |
ahb-bee-ah-mo |
| You have |
hai |
eye |
You have |
avete |
ah-veh-teh |
| He/she has |
ha |
ah |
They have |
hanno |
ahn-noh |
Past and Future of Avere
| I had |
avevo |
we had |
avevamo |
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I will have |
avrò |
we will have |
avremo |
| you had |
avevi |
you had |
avevate |
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you will have |
avrai |
you will have |
avrete |
| he/she/it had |
aveva |
they had |
avevano |
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he/she/it will have |
avrà |
they will have |
avranno |
Avere is used with many idioms and expressions that normally use the verb to be in English:
avere fame - to be hungry
avere sete - to be thirsty
avere caldo - to be warm
avere freddo - to be cold
avere fretta - to be in a hurry
avere paura - to be afraid
avere ragione - to be right
avere sonno - to be sleepy
avere bisogno di - to need
avere (number) anni - to be (number) years old
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