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| Learn Spanish __ Articles and Demonstratives , Subject Pronouns , To Be and to Have |
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Articles and Demonstratives
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Masc. Singular |
Fem. Singular |
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Masc. Plural |
Fem. Plural |
| the |
el (ail) |
la (lah) |
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the |
los (lohs) |
las (lahs) |
| a, an |
un (oon) |
una (oon-ah) |
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some |
unos (oon-ohs) |
unas (oon-ahs) |
| this |
este |
esta |
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these |
estos |
estas |
| that |
ese |
esa |
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those |
esos |
esas |
| that |
aquel |
aquella |
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those |
aquellos |
aquellas |
Note: El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Use the ese froms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways.
Subject Pronouns
| yo |
yoh |
I |
nosotros(as) |
noh-soh-trohs |
we |
| tú |
too |
you (informal) |
vosotros(as) |
boh-soh-trohs |
you all |
él / ella /
usted |
ail / ay-yah /
oo-sted |
he / she /
you (formal) |
ellos / ellas /
ustedes |
ay-yohs / ay-yahs /
oo-sted-ays |
they / they /
you (plural) |
Note: Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs.
To Be and to Have
| ser - to be |
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estar - to be |
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tener - to have |
| soy |
somos |
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estoy |
estamos |
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tengo |
tenemos |
| eres |
sois |
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estás |
estáis |
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tienes |
tenéis |
| es |
son |
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está |
están |
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tiene |
tienen |
Note: Ser is used to indentify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/object
Inherent characteristics
or qualities
Nationality/Occupation
Telling time
Express ownership
Impersonal expressions
Passive voice |
El edificio es un templo.
La casa es grande.
Carlos es pobre.
Es carpintero.
Son las tres.
Los libros son de Juan.
Es necesario.
El telefono fue inventado por Bell. |
The building is a temple.
The house is large.
Charles is poor.
He is a carpenter.
It's three o'clock.
The books are John's.
It is necessary.
The telephone was invented by Bell. |
Uses of Estar
Location/position
Temporary condition/state
State of health
Form progressive tense |
El libro está en la mesa.
La ventana está abierta.
Juan está enfermo.
Miguel está estudiando. |
The book is on the table.
The window is open.
John is sick.
Michael is studying. |
Common Expressions with "to be"
to be afraid - tener miedo
to be against - estar en contra
to be at fault - tener la culpa
to be careful - tener cuidado
to be cold - tener frío
to be curious - ser curioso (a)
to be happy - estar contento (a)
to be hot - tener calor
to be hungry - tener hambre
to be in a hurry - tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be jealous - tener celos
to be lucky - tener suerte
to be patient - tener paciencia
to be successful - tener éxito
to be thirsty - tener sed
to be tired - estar cansado (a)
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